Thyroid Disorders

What is the Thyroid gland?

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped organ located in the front of your neck. It plays a crucial role in your body's overall function by producing hormones that regulate metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and many other important processes. At Hills Surgical Oncology, we understand the significant impact thyroid disorders can have on your health and quality of life. Our team, led by Dr Muzib Abdul-Razak, a highly skilled Head and Neck surgeon and Surgical Oncologist, can provide you with the right advice and treatment when a surgical opinion is required for medical conditions affecting the thyroid gland.

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The thyroid gland is located in the neck, and wraps around the wind pipe (trachea).

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What medical conditions can affect the thyroid gland?

Problems with the thyroid gland can be broadly categorised into several types:

1. Hyperthyroidism: When the thyroid produces too much hormone.
2. Hypothyroidism: When the thyroid doesn't produce enough hormone.
3. Thyroid nodules: Lumps that form within the thyroid gland.
4. Thyroid cancer: Malignant growths in the thyroid gland.
5. Goitre: An enlarged thyroid gland.
6. Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland.

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What causes problems with the thyroid gland?

The causes of thyroid problems can vary depending on the specific condition. Some common causes include:

1. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Graves' disease can affect thyroid function.
2. Iodine deficiency or excess: Iodine is crucial for thyroid hormone production.
3. Genetic factors: Some thyroid conditions run in families.
4. Radiation exposure: Previous radiation treatment to the neck area can affect the thyroid.
5. Certain medications: Some medicines can interfere with thyroid function.
6. Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can sometimes affect the thyroid.
7. Thyroid surgery: Previous thyroid surgery can impact hormone production.

What are the symptoms of thyroid gland issues?

Symptoms of dysfunctional thyroid gland can vary widely depending on whether the thyroid is overactive or under-active. Common symptoms include:

For hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid):

1. Unexplained weight loss
2. Rapid heartbeat
3. Increased appetite
4. Nervousness or anxiety
5. Tremors in hands and fingers
6. Sweating
7. Changes in menstrual patterns

For hypothyroidism (under-active thyroid):

1. Unexplained weight gain
2. Fatigue
3. Increased sensitivity to cold
4. Constipation
5. Dry skin
6. Depression
7. Muscle weakness

For thyroid nodules and cancer:

1. A lump or swelling in the neck
2. Difficulty swallowing
3. Hoarseness
4. Neck pain

If you experience any of these symptoms, it's important to seek medical advice promptly. At Hills Surgical Oncology, located in Norwest Private Hospital and the SAN Hospital in Wahroonga, we provide comprehensive evaluations for patients concerned about their thyroid gland.

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How are thyroid gland disorders diagnosed?

Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment of thyroid disorders. At Hills Surgical Oncology, the diagnostic process typically involves several steps:

1. Physical examination: Dr Muzib Abdul-Razak will carefully examine your neck for any signs of thyroid enlargement or nodules.
2. Medical history: A detailed discussion about your symptoms, medical history, and family history helps in identifying potential causes.
3. Blood tests: These measure levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in your blood.
4. Imaging tests: These may include:
5. Ultrasound: To visualise the structure of the thyroid gland and detect nodules.
6. Thyroid scan: A nuclear medicine test that shows how the thyroid gland is functioning.
7. CT or MRI scans: For a more detailed view of the thyroid and surrounding structures.
8. Fine needle aspiration biopsy: If nodules are present, a small sample of cells may be taken for laboratory analysis.

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What treatments are available for Thyroid Disorders?

Treatment for thyroid disorders depends on the specific condition and its severity. These often include:

Medication

For many thyroid disorders, medication is the first line of treatment:

1. Hypothyroidism: Synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine) to replace the missing hormone.
2. Hyperthyroidism: Anti-thyroid medications to reduce hormone production or beta-blockers to control symptoms.

Radioactive Iodine Therapy

This treatment is often used for hyperthyroidism. The patient takes radioactive iodine orally, which is absorbed by the thyroid gland, causing it to shrink and reduce hormone production.

Surgery (Thyroidectomy)

In some cases, surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland may be necessary. This is typically recommended for:

1. Large goitres causing breathing or swallowing difficulties
2. Thyroid cancer
3. Some cases of hyperthyroidism that don't respond to other treatments
4. Large or suspicious thyroid nodules

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How is Thyroid Cancer treated?

Treatment for thyroid cancer usually involves a combination of approaches:

1. Surgery to remove the thyroid gland (total thyroidectomy)
2. Radioactive iodine therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells
3. Thyroid hormone therapy to replace the hormone and help prevent cancer recurrence
4. In some cases, external beam radiation therapy or chemotherapy

At Hills Surgical Oncology, Dr Muzib Abdul-Razak works closely with a multidisciplinary team to develop personalised treatment plans for each patient. Our goal is to provide the most effective treatment while minimising side effects and preserving quality of life.

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What should I expect during recovery from Thyroid Surgery?

If you require thyroid surgery, knowing what to expect during recovery can help you prepare:

1. Hospital stay: Most patients can go home the day after surgery.
2. Pain management: You may experience some neck discomfort, which can usually be managed with over-the-counter pain medications.
3. Incision care: You'll receive instructions on how to care for your incision to promote healing.
4. Voice changes: Some patients may experience temporary hoarseness.
5. Medication: If your entire thyroid is removed, you'll need to take thyroid hormone replacement medication for life.
6. Follow-up appointments: Regular check-ups will be necessary to monitor your hormone levels and overall health.

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Can Thyroid disorders be prevented?

While not all thyroid disorders can be prevented, there are steps you can take to support thyroid health:

1. Ensure adequate iodine intake: Iodine is crucial for thyroid function. In Australia, most table salt is iodised, which helps prevent deficiency.
2. Eat a balanced diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins supports overall health, including thyroid function.
3. Avoid excessive soy intake: Soy can interfere with the absorption of thyroid medication.
4. Quit smoking: Smoking can increase the risk of thyroid disease.
5. Limit exposure to environmental toxins: Some chemicals can interfere with thyroid function.
6. Get regular check-ups: Early detection of thyroid problems can lead to more effective treatment.